答案優(yōu)選把我電腦里的資料整理了一下，把這個好好看一下，相信你會理解的，我期末考也看這個。希望對你有幫助呵呵。

(i)Creativity\productivity
Creativity is the first and foremost striking feature of human language. It refers to the fact that language provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and for understanding novel messages. The grammatical rules and the words of a language are finite, but the sentences are infinite. Every speaker uses language creatively. Even a child acquiring his\her mother tongue can put speech sound and words into novel combinations to express meanings. This feature is not found in animal communication systems. Talking birds such as parrots can imitate human utterances, but they cannot segment the sounds and words in the phrases they imitate and put them in a different sequence.
（i）創(chuàng)造性
創(chuàng)造性是人類語言第一、最顯著的特征。它涉及了語言為傳送以前從來沒有傳送過的信息和理解新信息提供了機會。一種語言的語法規(guī)則和單詞是有限的，但是句子是無限的。每個演說者創(chuàng)造性地使用語言。甚至一個學(xué)到他（她）母語的小孩也能把語音和單詞放在一起，形成新的組合去表達意思。這個特征在動物交際系統(tǒng)里是找不到的。就拿鳥類來說，如鸚鵡能模仿人類的言語，但是它們不能分割它們所模仿的短語的語音部分和單詞部分，然后把它們放進一個不同的次序里。

Results of experiments shows that even animals closet in kin to human beings cannot match children in learning and using language. In the 1930s, Winthrop and Luella Kellogg raised their infant son together with an infant chimpanzee named Gua. When the boy could understand I say what I mean and I mean what I say, Gua could understand neither, although it understood some words. Several decades later, another chimpanzee, named Nim Chimsky(after the famous American linguist Noam Chomsky, who states that language is unique to human beings)was taughtSign Language under careful experimentalcondition
實驗的結(jié)果表明了盡管是和人類關(guān)系最親密的動物，在學(xué)習(xí)和使用語言上，也趕不上小孩子。在十九世紀(jì)三十年代，Winthrop和Luella Kellogg把他們的男嬰兒和一個叫Dua的幼兒猩猩一起撫養(yǎng)。當(dāng)這個小男孩能夠理解I say what I mean 和I mean what I say兩個句子的含義時，而Gua卻一個都不懂，盡管它知道一些單詞。幾十年后，又一個叫Nim Chimsky的大猩猩（在著名的美國語言學(xué)家Noam Chomsky敘述了“語言是人類特有的”論述后）在細心照顧的實驗環(huán)境下，包括保持記錄和錄像，被傳授美國標(biāo)記語言。在分析Nim的語言錄音后，研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)，在Nim的言語中，只有12%是自發(fā)的，在剩下的88%老師傳授的標(biāo)記中，一半Nim的反應(yīng)是模仿老師的言語。隨著小孩們長得越大，他們進行對話交流越來頻繁。孩子們在對話中，幾乎不模仿。孩子們在語言使用中變得更加創(chuàng)新。但是，在類似的實驗里，Nim和其他猩猩表明了幾乎沒有這種創(chuàng)新的趨勢。（Frokin 和Rodman，1998）這些事實似乎表明了創(chuàng)新性是區(qū)分人類語言和其他動物交際系統(tǒng)的一個特征。


(ii)Duality二元性
Language contains two subsystems, one of sounds and the other of meanings. If you are given the four English speech sounds,[p][l][i][d] and asked to combine them into sequences that sound like English words, you will find [plid][pild]are permissible ,while *[pdli]*[dpli]*[lipd]*[idlp], etc. are not. The permissible sequences sound like English words, and yet they are not, because they do not stand foe anything. On the other hand, meanings are conveyed by certain speech sounds or sequences of speech sounds. In English, [DEAD BODY OF A PERSON] is expressed by the word corpse. In this case, we say the concept or the meaning is lexicalized. In English there is no word to stand for the concept [DEAD PLANT]. When certain speech sounds correspond to a certain meaning, a unit of language arises. The same sounds can be recombined to mean something else. In some cases, the same sequence od sounds can mean different things (such ashomophones, and polysemes). This shows that meanings and sounds make up two subsystems of language. No systems of animal communication possess this feature. The barks of a dog are not analyzable.Animal communic ation systems cannot be cut into segments and then be reorganizes into meaningful sequences. In other words, human languages are discrete while animal communication systems are non-discrete.


（ii）二元性
語言包括兩個子系統(tǒng)：一個是語音系統(tǒng)，一個是語義系統(tǒng)。假如給你四個語音[p]、[l]、[i]、[d]，并叫你把它們組合成聽起來像英語單詞的次序，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)[plid]和[pild]是行得通的，而其他的卻行不通。行得通的次序聽起來像英語，否則就不是，因為它們不代表任何東西。從另一方面來手，語義是通過一定的語音或者是語音的次序來傳達的。在英語里，（DEAD BODY OF A PERSON）用來表達單詞corpse（尸體），在這種情況下，我們說這個概念或語義被編進了詞匯。在英語里，沒有一個單詞代表（DEAD PLANT）的概念。當(dāng)特定的語音和特定的意思一致時，一個語言的單位產(chǎn)生了。相同的語音能夠重組來表達其他的事物。在某些情況下，相同語音的次序能表達不同的事物（比如同音字和多音詞），這表明了語音和語義構(gòu)成了語言的兩個子系統(tǒng)。動物交際系統(tǒng)里就沒有這個特征，狗的犬叫聲是不可被分析的。動物的交際系統(tǒng)不能被分割為幾部分，也不能把它們重新組成有意義的次序。換句話來說，人類語言是離散的，而動物交際系統(tǒng)是連續(xù)的。

(iii)Arbitrariness
The relationship between speech sounds and the meanings they represent in the languages of the world is , for the most part, an arbitrary one, The Swiss linguist de Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of signifier(sound image)and signified(referent). In his view, there is no inherent relation between the two. A building we live in with our family is called house in English, maison in French, dom in Russian, casa in Spanish. If the relationship between speech sounds and meanings were motivated (i.e. not arbitrary), the words in these languages that stand for the same thing would sound the same or similar, then people would not need to learn foreign languages. Admittedly, there are a few words in most languages that are onomatopoetic ---words od which the sounds supposedly imitate the sounds of nature. This seems to contradict arbitrariness. Nevertheless, when these words of different languages are compares, it is found that they still sound different. The English word tick tock is equivalent to Chinese word dida, buzz to wengweng. In English, cockadoodledoo represents the rooster’crow, but in Russian, kukareku, both are differert from the Chinese expression. based on these observations, we can say that for example, rather directly represents its subject matter, because a direct connection exists between the number and direction of the gyrations and the sources of nectar.
（iii）任意性
在語言世界里，它們所代表的語音和語義之間的關(guān)系，從大部分來講，是任意的。瑞士語言學(xué)家de Saussure認為語言是有所指部分（語音）和受指部分（上面提到的語義）組成。在他的觀點里， 兩者是沒有固定關(guān)系的。我們和家人住的建筑物在英語被叫house，法語叫maison，俄羅斯叫dom，西班牙叫casa。如果語音和語義的關(guān)系被激發(fā)了，代表相同事物的這些語言將會發(fā)相同或相似的音，那么人們就沒有必要學(xué)習(xí)外語了。
無可否認地，在大部分語言中，有些單詞是聲喻的——按推測，發(fā)音是模仿大自然聲音的單詞。這似乎和任意性矛盾。然而，當(dāng)不同語言的單詞被比較時，人們會發(fā)現(xiàn)它們發(fā)音是不同的。英語單詞ticktock 等同于漢字dida，buzz 等同于wengweng。在英語里，cockadooledoo代表公雞的叫聲，但在俄羅斯語里，卻是kukareku， 兩者和中文表達不同。根據(jù)這些觀察，我們可以說，所有人類語言都是傳統(tǒng)的，大部分動物交際系統(tǒng)是圖標(biāo)性的。例如：蜜蜂飛舞，非常直接地表達了它的主要問題，因為一個直接的結(jié)合點存在于旋轉(zhuǎn)的次數(shù)和方向和花蜜的來源之間。

(iv)Displacement
Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present, or future. When we listen to news broadcast, we know What can be spoken is not limited by time and space, while animals can merely communication about what happens here and now. The cleverest dog cannot bark to tell others how badly its parents were treated by their owner. This feature of language id due to the fact that the human brain is specially structures for language and that the brains of other species are not comparable in terms of the capacities of memory and abstraction.
（iv）超時空性/移位性
語言可以用于涉及真實的或者想象的、過去的、現(xiàn)在的或?qū)淼氖?。?dāng)我們聽新聞廣播的時候，我們知道這個世界上遙遠地方發(fā)生了什么事。至于談什么，則不受時間和空間的限制，而動物卻只能交流這里及現(xiàn)在發(fā)生了什么。連最聰明的狗也不能犬叫告訴別人它的父母親被主任虐待。語言的這個特征是因為從記憶力和信息提取量的角度來看，人腦是專門為語言組織的， 和其他物種頭腦是無法比較的事實。

(V)Culture transmission
Language is not merely genetically transmitted from generation to generation. Children pick up their mother tongue in the process of socialization. Animal communication systems are genetically transmitted. Admittedly, the capacity for language has a genetic basis, but the particular language a person acquires or learns is a cultural fact, not a biological fact. As lang
uage is arbitrary and conventional , a child can only acquires his mother tongue through interacting with people around him.

（v）文化傳遞性
語言不僅僅是遺傳地從一代傳遞給下一代。兒童在他們社會化的過程中學(xué)會了母語。動物交際系統(tǒng)是遺傳傳遞的。無可否認，語言的容量有一個基因原理，但一個人掌握或?qū)W習(xí)是一個文化的事實，而不是生物事實。由于語言是任意的、傳統(tǒng)的，所以一個小孩只能通過和他周圍的人們相互作用學(xué)習(xí)母語。